ISSN 2959-409X (Print) ISSN 2960-1290 (Online) Editor-in-chief: Raees Ahmad （Xi'an Jiaotong University） Associate Editor: Zunaira Khalid （University of Lahore） Editorial Board Member: Muhammad Numan （The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University） Yu Diao （Xi'an Jiaotong University） The Journal of MedScien (a shortened form of Medical Science) is a comprehensive, peer-reviewed academic publication dedicated to the advancement of healthcare knowledge. We provide a professional forum for the exchange of scientific ideas, clinical observations, and breakthrough research that shapes the future of medicine. By integrating various branches of health sciences, the journal serves as a vital resource for medical students, nurses, doctors, and researchers worldwide. Our mission is to support the global healthcare community by publishing high-quality, evidence-based content that is accessible to both the practicing clinician and the academic researcher. We believe that by providing a platform for diverse perspectives—from student-led pilot studies to advanced clinical trials—we foster a more collaborative and innovative medical landscape. Scope of Subjects: The Journal of MedScien prides itself on its broad, multidisciplinary scope. We invite submissions across the full spectrum of health and life sciences, including: Medical Science: Fundamental research in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and biochemistry. Pharmaceuticals: Innovations in drug development, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and vaccine research. Clinical Application: Practical insights into surgical techniques, diagnostic tools, patient care, and nursing protocols. General Science: Interdisciplinary research that intersects with health, such as biotechnology, medical ethics, and public health policy. Why Publish with Us? Rigorous Peer Review: Every article undergoes a thorough evaluation by experts in the field to ensure scientific integrity and clinical relevance. Inclusive Readership: Our content is curated to be valuable for those in training (students) and those with years of professional experience (doctors and researchers). Global Reach: We aim to disseminate findings to a wide audience, ensuring that your research has a tangible impact on global health outcomes. The Journal of MedScien remains committed to the principle that better information leads to better care. We welcome your contributions to our upcoming issues. All articles will be submitted to: Google Scholar, Crossref, U.S. Librarian Database, ProQuest (part of Clarivate’s Web of Science), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, SEMANTIC SCHOLAR, OpenAlex.
Emotion Experience in Aphantasia: Insights from Autobiographical Memory, Prospection and Mental Simulation
Mental imagery functions as an emotional amplifier by supporting perceptually vivid simulations in memory and prospection. Aphantasia, characterized by absent or severely reduced visual imagery, has relevantly been associated with attenuated emotional experience during autobiographical recall, future thinking, and engagement with narrated events. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these affective differences and how they relate to broader theories of episodic construction remain underexplored. This review synthesizes evidence demonstrating an attenuation of embodied emotion in aphantasia alongside preserved emotional appraisal. It also examines the phenomenological differences in remembering and imagining episodic events. Situating these findings within theories of episodic reconstruction, this review explores possible implications of imagery absence in aphantasia for empathy, evaluative conditioning, motivation, adaptive decision-making and emotion regulation. A key direction for future theorizing is to account for the embodied and appraisal components of emotional experience in aphantasia and their significance across prospective and retrospective autobiographical events at both behavioral and neural levels.
Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent gynecological condition that profoundly impairs the quality of life. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, has demonstrated significant efficacy and unique advantages in managing PD. Clinical evidence has corroborated that acupuncture, particularly when targeted at key acupoints such as SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan), effectively mitigates pain and reduces reliance on analgesic agents. Its therapeutic effect is often superior to placebos and comparable to conventional pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanisms involve multi-system integration: Peripherally, it attenuates uterine cramping by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and modulating prostaglandin balance. Centrally, it exerts analgesia by activating the endogenous opioid system and regulating neuroimmune crosstalk, and can also modulate brain network connectivity. Furthermore, the efficacy of acupuncture exhibits relative acupoint specificity and is dependent on the timing of intervention. In conclusion, acupuncture represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for PD. Its multi-targeted, systemic regulatory effects provide a robust evidence-based foundation for its clinical application.
Effectiveness of Wearable Technologies in Sports Therapy: Surface EMG and Accelerometers
High-intensity, high-frequency exercise loads render muscle, ligament, and joint injuries among the most common ailments in training and competition. Affected athletes often experience persistent muscle weakness, compensatory movement patterns, and recurrent injuries. In recent years, the application of wearable devices in sports rehabilitation has mitigated these negative effects. Common types include surface electromyography (sEMG) and accelerometers. Compared to traditional exercise therapy, wearable technology integrates quantitative data, providing a more reliable understanding of the athlete’s injury and helping physicians develop more effective rehabilitation plans. However, when analyzing the effectiveness of these two wearable technologies, accelerometers and surface electromyography, several potential factors and limitations still need to be considered, such as the high cost, which may limit their widespread adoption and effectiveness in the field of sports therapy. Based on existing clinical and sports science research, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of sEMG and accelerometers in sports therapy, focusing on their benefits in movement quality assessment, training load management, and individualized rehabilitation plan development. It also briefly explores the potential of combining wearable data with artificial intelligence modeling for injury risk assessment and rehabilitation decision support.
Obesity and Cancer Risk: Epidemiological Evidence, Dose–Response Relationship, and Causal Inference
Obesity has become a global public health challenge with important implications for the occurrence and development of many cancers. Epidemiological studies have shown that body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat measured by imaging are all closely associated with an increased risk of cancer, involving sitespecific cancers such as colorectal, breast, endometrial, pancreatic, hepatocellular, renal, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Prospective cohort studies and metaanalyses consistently confirmed a significant dose-response relationship, with an increase of approximately 18% in colorectal cancer, approximately 50% in endometrial cancer, and approximately 25% in kidney cancer for every 5 kg/m² increase in BMI. Mendelian randomized studies further support causal inference, and results from natural experiments and intervention studies such as bariatric surgery and long-term follow-up also show that obesityrelated cancer risk is reversible to some extent. Despite the limitations of measurement error, reverse causality and detection bias, the triangulation of cohort, meta, MR and intervention effectively enhanced the robustness of the research conclusions. Overall, there is a clear, stable, and cross-methodologically consistent dose-response relationship between obesity and cancer risk, providing a scientific basis for cancer prevention and control.
Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Drug Therapy
Diabetes is common around the world. It has several types and, among them, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very common in many countries and can be found in all age groups. T2DM has some complications that really make patients’ lives inconvenient and some of the complications can bring high mortality. This review discusses how these complications happen and drug therapies for some of the diseases, also talks about some other factors that could make drug therapies different and gives some ways to discover drugs that can improve treatment plans. The complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus are mostly microor macrovascular diseases, whose onset and progression are caused by its uncontrolled nature. At present, the drug treatment for type 2 diabetes includes two types: oral hypoglycemic drugs and injectable preparations. At present, the treatment of type 2 diabetes focuses on comprehensive management, with the goal of controlling blood sugar and preventing complications. Future research may focus on new drug development, technological and therapeutic innovations, early intervention and reversal of type 2 diabetes.
Research Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Recurrence Following Osteochondroma Surgery
Osteochondroma is prone to recurrence following surgical intervention, and modern medical treatments have inherent limitations. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of bone tumours. This study focuses on TCM approaches to preventing and treating post-operative recurrence of osteochondroma. Employing a methodology combining literature review with clinical case analysis, it examines clinical cases of patients who underwent osteochondroma surgery and relevant literature. Results indicate that TCM, centred on “tonifying the liver and kidneys,” employs formulas such as Liuwei Dihuang Wan to promote bone repair and reduce recurrence rates. However, challenges remain in the standardization of TCM pattern differentiation. Conclusions suggest TCM can complement medical treatments, highlighting the need for in-depth research and standardised clinical application.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Globally, metabolic diseases are highly prevalent, which not only compromise patients’ quality of life but also impose a heavy socioeconomic burden on society. Moreover, gut microbiota dysbiosis is one of the key components in the progression of these diseases. This review focuses on the treatment of metabolic diseases through the modulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It aims to clarify the mechanisms by which TCM improves metabolic diseases via regulating gut microbiota, as well as the interaction between TCM and gut microbiota. Additionally, this review summarizes the research evidence of TCM in treating certain metabolic diseases and outlines future research.
The Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain-------How We Perceive Flavor
Whenever we like food, we say that it “tastes good”. However, most of what we refer to as taste is actually smell. This paper examines how the human brain integrates signals from taste buds and the nose to form the perception of flavor. A common misconception among the general public is that these two signals are completely separate. However, they do have interactions, particularly in regions of the brain, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, where finally the tongue meets the olfactory system. One of the concepts that will be discussed is retronasal olfaction: the process by which odors from food in the mouth travel upward into the nose during chewing and swallowing. This paper discusses the conclusions based on reading the paper from Small et al. (2004), who, through imaging research, found that different brain regions react differently to the same smell, depending on how it enters the head through the nose or the mouth. Through a review of neuroscience and behavioral research, this paper aims to demonstrate that flavor is not merely a sensation of the tongue. It is, in fact, a multisensory process that is influenced by biology, memory, and culture.
Research Progress on the Application of PI3K/AKT Pathway in the Treatment of Depression
Depression, also known as depressive disorder, is a common psychological disorder. The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway can affect neurophysiological processes directly related to depression, such as synaptic transmission and neuroinflammatory response, by regulating downstream key molecules. This article explores the impact of the PI3K/ AKT pathway on depression. Through comprehensive literature analysis, this article shows the main molecular mechanisms of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and emphasizes the regulatory role of this pathway in synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and dopamine expression, which directly affect depression. By consulting the recent progress in the development of medicines for depression and figuring out the underlying mechanism, this article concludes that medicines based on the PI3K/AKT pathway have great potential. If the potential safety issues can be addressed and the efficacy of the medicine treatment can be further improved, depression patients worldwide could be largely cured with medicines that modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Image Processing Techniques in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Research Review
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent and severe microvascular complications associated with diabetes, serving as the leading cause of blindness among adults globally. With the escalating prevalence of diabetes, early detection and timely intervention for DR have become critical public health priorities. However, traditional manual diagnosis of fundus images is hindered by inefficiencies, subjectivity, and reliance on professional expertise, making it inadequate to meet the increasing demands for screening. In recent years, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and image processing technologies has paved a new path for automated and accurate DR diagnosis. This study systematically reviews the key research advancements and application methods of image processing techniques in DR diagnosis. Initially, it analyzes the role of deep learning models in fundus image analysis across four dimensions: image preprocessing, feature extraction, lesion segmentation, and disease grading. Subsequently, it summarizes the technical characteristics and application outcomes of representative algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), U-Net, YOLO, and DarkNet. Finally, it explores current challenges, including dataset imbalance, insufficient model interpretability, and difficulties in clinical implementation. Research findings indicate that deep learning models based on transfer learning and attention mechanisms achieve over 95% sensitivity and above 90% specificity on public datasets, providing robust support for the early screening and precise diagnosis of DR.
Management of Ankle Injuries and Chr onic Ankle Instability in Football Players
Ankle sprains are common injuries in football, with approximately 20% to 40% of patients progressing to chronic ankle instability (CAI), leading to recurrent sprains, residual pain, and functional limitations that affect athletic performance and daily activities. Existing treatments such as the RICE principle, physical therapy, and functional braces are effective but have limitations in long-term recovery, proprioceptive restoration, and stability maintenance, and their optimal timing and indications remain controversial. Emerging imaging technologies, such as dynamic ultrasound, MRI, and gait analysis, as well as novel therapeutic methods, including neuromuscular training, virtual reality–assisted rehabilitation, and wearable feedback systems, provide more accurate diagnosis and personalized rehabilitation programs, which may compensate for the shortcomings of traditional treatments. With the continuous progress of related technologies and the improvement of evidencebased rehabilitation strategies, the accuracy of clinical decision-making is expected to further improve, and patient rehabilitation outcomes are expected to improve. This review aims to evaluate the application effects of these new technologies in the management of CAI, analyze their clinical potential and current challenges, and propose directions and priorities for future research.
Causes and Response Strategies for the Decline of Honey Bee Populations in the Process of Urbanization
Honey bees are extensively studied pollinators of significant ecological importance. Their role in plant pollination is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring global food security.. However, their populations are declining sharply in highly urbanized areas. Given that urbanization is an inevitable trend in social development, balancing human development with honey bee survival has become a critical challenge. Existing research often focuses on monitoring honey bee populations and identifying influencing factors, with insufficient in-depth studies on technological approaches to promote humanbee coexistence within the urban context. Urbanization introduces threats such as pesticide use in urban greening, industrial pollution, and the urban heat island effect, which endanger honey bees. Strategies like Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM), urban beekeeping (including optimized greening and hive installation), and the “Canopy System” show positive results. However, challenges remain, including low adoption rates of relevant management models and the high cost hindering the widespread application of some technologies. Future technological developments are expected to favor the creation of intelligent, systematic solutions, integrating multidisciplinary technologies and strengthening ecological corridor planning. Furthermore, integrating technology, policy, and public education is essential. This review covers the importance and conservation value of honey bees, the threats posed by urbanization and their causes, the effectiveness of existing conservation technologies, policies, and future directions, aiming to provide references for promoting sustainable urban development characterized by harmonious human-bee coexistence.
3D Bioprinting of Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Models: Advances, Applications, and Challenges
This study examines the emerging role of threedimensional (3D) bioprinting i n constructing physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment (TME) models. By synthesizing recent advances in bioprinting strategies, bioink development, immune–tumor integration, and vascularization techniques, the analysis highlights how engineered spatial precision and controlled multicellular organization enhance the accuracy of cancer modeling. The findings indicate that 3D bioprinted TMEs provide improved platforms for studying tumor heterogeneity, therapy resistance, and drug response dynamics. Despite these strengths, challenges remain in achieving stable perfusion, standardizing bioink properties, and reproducing dynamic in vivo conditions. Future work should focus on integrating microfluidic systems, optimizing bioink formulations, and advancing interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, this study underscores the value of 3D bioprinting as a transformative tool for oncology research and the development of more predictive preclinical models.
Literature Review on Sleep Disorder Research
Sleep disorder has become a key global public health challenge, and its high prevalence rate (for example, among middle-aged and elderly people, insomnia is 17.3% and OSAHS is over 30%) seriously affects physical and mental health and leads to huge social and economic costs. This review focuses on the classification of sleep disorders (based on ICSD-3), physiological and psychological injury mechanisms, multi-level pathogenic factors (physiology, social environment and behavior) and comprehensive intervention strategies (precision medicine, cognitive behavioral therapy, environmental optimization and public policy). The key problems to be solved include the complex interaction between sleep disorders and chronic diseases, the vulnerability differences among different populations, and the effectiveness of interdisciplinary intervention. The conclusion of this review is that research on sleep disorders requires strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration, and future efforts need to solve the long-term cost-benefit gap between cross-cultural research and intervention measures in order to advance global sleep health governance.
Neural Signal Decoding for Prosthetic Control: Brain- and Muscle-Signal-Based Approaches
Neural decoding technology has made great strides in the past two decades, transitioning from the lab to clinical applications. Brain signals and electromyographic (EMG) signals have emerged as two key information sources for prosthetic control: the former includes invasive and noninvasive neural electrical activity, and the latter leverages residual muscle and peripheral nerve signals. This paper reviews recent advances in prosthetic control from the perspectives of brain-signal-based control and musclesignal-based control. This paper introduces the main signal types, decoding algorithms, and representative applications, provides a comparative analysis of these signals in terms of information capacity, stability, invasiveness, etc., and discusses current limitations and future prospects. By surveying the latest research, this review aims to offer valuable insights for future neuroprosthetics research and clinical applications. At a broader level, the development of neural decoding reflects the ongoing convergence of science, technology, and medicine, and its future progress will not only reshape prosthetic design but also expand our understanding of human–machine interaction, rehabilitation, and even the nature of human agency itself.
Assessment of the Pr os and Cons of Bioactive Glass Composites in the Repair of Dental Hard Tissues
Bioactive glass (BAG), a bioactive material with excellent biocompatibility, has been increasingly utilized in the field of dental restoration. Along with the changes in clinical demands and the upgrading of preparation processes, the common types of BAG currently include nanobioactive glass, mesoporous bioactive glass, and bioactive glass composites, which show significant differences in mechanical strength, binding stability, preparation cost and bioactivity. This article compares the differences in physical properties, preparation methods, and functional activities among various bioactive glasses. We highlight the superior mechanical strength, drug-loading capacity, broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy, and pronounced tissue-regenerative capacity of each BAG variant across multiple dimensions. The results indicate that bioactive glass composites have obvious advantages in mechanical properties, degradation rate regulation, and remineralization promotion compared with other BAG materials. These findings aim to provide guidance for material selection in dental hard tissue remineralization and systematically summarize the functional similarities and differences among various BAGs, offering new ideas for the future development of bioactive glass composites with broader adaptability.
Artificial Intelligence Reshaping Agricultural Knowledge Systems: Paradigm Shifts and Implementation Challenges
As global agricultural digital transformation accelerates, data-driven technologies are reshaping traditional agricultural practices—yet their role in facilitating farmers’ knowledge evolution remains underexplored in existing research. This study focuses on three core digital tools to investigate how they transform the carriers and application of farmers’ knowledge. Empirical cases from agricultural fields demonstrate tangible impacts: smart drip irrigation systems optimized via reinforcement learning reduce water consumption, while large-scale smart agriculture deployments in sugarcane fields achieve 47% water savings and 20% fertilizer reduction. Convolutional neural networks also enable 3-day-ahead prediction of bovine mastitis, aiding early disease intervention. However, significant challenges persist, 78% of smallholder farmers cannot afford AI-driven equipment, provincial agricultural datasets remain isolated and unintegrated, and elderly traditional laborers face barriers to adapting to digital tools. Proposed solutions include low-cost smart equipment leasing, AI voice advisors tailored for lowliteracy farmers, and microcluster edge computers to address internet deprivation in remote areas. Additionally, the study identifies a critical dilemma: the risk of AI knowledge monopoly versus the potential for symbiosis between digital tools and traditional knowledge—resolving this requires prioritizing equity through building inclusive, accurate agricultural datasets and preventing algorithmic biases. It offers key insights to promote the inclusive adoption of digital tools, ensuring they empower rather than marginalize farmers in the digital agricultural transition.
Should CRISPR-Cas9 Be Used in Human Embryos to Eliminate Genetic Diseases? Public Attitudes and Benefit–Risk Analysis
CRISPR-Cas9 is one of the most extraordinary biotechnologies of the twenty-first century, and its possible application to editing human embryos to cure hereditary diseases still brings up some ethical, social, and technical questions. The current research examines the survey-based public perceptions and probabilistic benefits and risks trades-offs using a mixture of the primary survey data and mathematical model. A questionnaire that was structured and given to 320 participants; mostly students aged 16 and above, was used to measure demographic variables, risk perception, and trust in science and support of CRISPR in the event of severe disease, mild disease, and enhancement. It was found that there was high ranking of acceptance with the strongest support going to the severe cases of therapeutic application, moderate to mild disease cases having moderate and slight support respectively and enhancement hardly receiving support. The results of statistical testing proved the significant difference between severe disease and enhancement support. Contrary to the expectations, risk perception was not a significant predictor of support and such a result suggests that the aspect of humanitarian may override the aspect of technical in the sampled population. Probabilistic modelling of cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease demonstrated that expected net benefits remained positive across reported ranges of editing efficiency and off-target probabilities, with high-burden diseases offering substantially greater margins of acceptable risk. Demographic variables, including age, field of study, and prior knowledge, were not significant predictors of support, suggesting that ethical reasoning exerts more influence than background characteristics. The findings provide evidence that therapeutic necessity dominates public acceptance of embryo editing among the sampled academic population and that quantitative models can reinforce the case for carefully regulated medical applications. Limitations include the use of a nonrepresentative sample, primarily students, which may not fully reflect broader public attitudes.
Research Progress on Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides in Ameliorating Depression in Mice
Depression is a psychiatric disorder with a complex pathogenesis. It involves multiple factors such as neuroinflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, neurotrophic factor deficiency, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Currently, clinically used drugs for depression typically have a single target and can cause severe adverse reactions. However, natural polysaccharides exhibit diverse pharmacological activities and can act on multiple targets. This indicates natural polysaccharides have the potential of being a promising source for the development of new antidepressant drugs. As the main active component of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) have attracted significant attention due to their prominent immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. GLP exerts antidepressant effects through a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism. This prompt GLP can be a natural antidepressant candidate with great development potential. This study aims to systematically elaborate on the potential molecular mechanisms by which GLP improve behavioral performance in mouse models of depression, thereby providing a theoretical basis for its subsequent in-depth research and clinical application.
Short-term PM2.5 and Ozone Spikes and Acute Cardiopulmonary Outcomes
The results show that ozone is related to the all-cause mortality rate on the same day (lag 0). The most valuable indicator is the maximum value of 8 hours in the warm season. PM₂.₅ showed a short delay, which had an impact on the mortality rate and hospitalization at 0-3 points in time. The distribution lag nonlinear model (DLNM) improves these estimates. After mutual adjustment, both pollutants maintained statistical accuracy. High temperatures will amplify the risk, and vulnerable groups such as the elderly and people with low socioeconomic status will be more affected. China‘s research is consistent with the international lag and seasonal patterns. Although PM₂.₅ in winter is relatively high. The 2021 WHO guidelines provide useful protection benchmarks. Biological mechanism - PM₂.₅. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by ozone - consistent with the observed effect time. Graded alerts, targeted plans for highrisk populations, and hospital surge programs can reduce harm. Overall, this work provides public health and clinical teams with practical tools to manage cardiopulmonary risks associated with short-term contamination exposure.
Research Progress on the NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Tumor Microenvironment
Cancers are major threats in the global health field with increased cases of occurrences. It progresses through several different steps, with all of them intricate chemical signaling. Recent progress in tumor microenvironment studies have revealed that tumors are robust communities that are constituted by tumor cells, immune cells and other stromal cells. The tumor immune microenvironment is central to the tumor microenvironment and has a fundamental influence on tumor progression and prognosis and directly on the effectiveness of anti-tumor therapy. In case the malfunction of immune cells occurs, that will result in dysfunction of the immune system, and it will be harder to treat. The NF-κB family of key transcription factors is one of the numerous signal transduction pathways involved in the tumor immune microenvironment and has received significant attention because of its involvement in the survival of cells, immunity, and inflammation. Canonical NF-κB is directly related to the progression of malignancies. Their state of functional activities and cytokine secretion can be fine-tuned by it to affect the malignant states of cancer cells and reconfigure the immune microenvironment of tumors. This writing guideline attempts to delve into the regulatory mechanism of the NF-κB pathway in the tumor microenvironment and the consequences in cancer therapy through immunotherapy. It also addresses the existing issues and gives suggestions about the clinical applications in the future.
Pathological Mechanism and Pr evention and Control Measures of Por cine Epidemic Diarrhea
This article elaborateshow the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenic mechanism and harm in pigs. Porcine epidemic diarrhea is a contagious disease with different therapeutic effects on pigs of different ages. It shares common characteristics with coronaviruses, like suppressing the production and function of interferon, replicating extensively in infected pigs. In addition, there are similarities between the symptoms of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, scientists devote to find the characteristics of PEDV to help farmers distinguish between the two diseases and treat the infected pigs in time to reduce loss. Porcine epidemic diarrhea is more common at the transition from winter to spring, when most piglets are born at this time. The infected pigs with various clinical symptoms including watery diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. These symptoms lead to rapid and irreversible dehydration and death of piglets, and it has had a serious negative impact on the development of the pig farming industry. This means that the prevention and control of PEDV is necessary. Scientists collect data on the targeted structure of the spike protein in PEDV to facilitate the development of more broadly effective vaccines by focusing on studying the mechanisms of action, pathological features and prevention methods in multiple aspects. These prevention and control measures provide practical guidance for the scientific handling of the epidemic, and explore its research value in etiology and epidemiology, which is of great significance for ensuring the healthy development of the pig farming industry.
CRISPR Applications in Metabolic Disease Treatment: A Case of Hyperuricemia
The condition of hyperuricemia, which refers to elevated uric acid levels in blood, has become a widespread metabolic disorder that leads to gout development and increases the risk of various metabolic and cardiovascular and renal diseases. The number of people with this condition continues to rise across the globe. The formation of monosodium urate crystals in joints leads to gout, which causes severe joint inflammation that severely impacts the life quality of patients. The current treatment options for hyperuricemia include allopurinol and uricosurics which either reduce uric acid production or enhance its elimination but patients need to continue their medication forever. The treatment fails to resolve the underlying condition. The rapid development of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology during the last few years created a new method to address the fundamental causes of metabolic diseases including hyperuricemia. The paper examines the potential of CRISPR technology to treat metabolic diseases through the example of hyperuricemia treatment. The research investigates multiple approaches which work to achieve uric acid homeostasis and optimize urate transport and regulating uric acid production related metabolic pathways. The research examines current gene editing systems and new delivery techniques which enable successful in vivo applications. The paper presents current developments while identifying remaining obstacles that prevent laboratory breakthroughs from reaching clinical practice and suggests future directions for CRISPR hyperuricemia treatment.
Taking Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma as an example to explore the regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNA on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Recently, more studies are actively focusing on NPC and its regulation both at home and abroad. Notably, the quantity of research projects in this field shows an upward trend. However, the specific relationship between NPC and lncRNA only has a few research about its multiple biological factors like genes and signaling pathways. Also, only a limited number of studies are dedicated to this area. This article intends to fill this research gap by systematically searching and analyzing existing research results through literature review and eventually get the whole conclusion. First, the definition of lncRNA and principles of its functioning mechanisms are divided into three patterns. Second, the details regarding oncogenic lncRNA in NPC are given. Third, two core mechanisms of lncRNA are presented with the specific objective of showing the inherent relationship. This article provides theoretical basis and guidance for the treatment of cancer. And particularly offers new insights into and innovative perspectives on the treatment of NPC and other cancers.
Viral Missiles: Research Advances in Achieving Efficient Targeted Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics Using Viral Vectors
Cancer has become one of the main diseases threatening human health. Although traditional methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have improved the prognosis of patients to some extent, there are still various problems, such as strong side effects, high recurrence rate and insufficient targeting. With the development of the concepts of precision medicine and targeted therapy, viral vectors have become an important tool to construct new targeted drug delivery systems, because they have the ability of cell infection and gene transfer.This study conducted a systematic review of relevant literature, the application strategy and research progress of virus vector in achieving efficient targeted drug delivery in tumors are comprehensively expounded, and its advantages and mechanisms in drug loading, gene regulation and immune activation are emphatically introduced. The results show that after structural modification, promoter improvement and receptor-mediated recognition, viral vectors can significantly improve drug delivery efficiency and targeting characteristics, and achieve this goal on the basis of ensuring safety.This conclusion provides important theoretical basis and technical direction for precision treatment of tumors. During this period, it also faces the problem of controlling immune response and improving drug delivery efficiency in solid tumors, so it is necessary to explore more engineering improvement methods and transformation ways.
Application and Research Advances of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anaemia
The conventional treatment of sickle cell anaemia is based on the traditional methods including blood transfusions, the use of hydroxyurea and supportive measures. These various strategies improve symptoms, but neither is a cure, and all are associated with various limitations such as transfusion-related infections and drug toxicities. In gene therapy, the strategy used currently is based on the addition of genes into cells by means of lentiviral vector, with the more promising approach being that of gene editing which has been pioneered by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. By means of this technology, the editors can be targeted towards the hematopoietic stem cells of the patients either by the actual repairs of the causal (sickle mutation) or the aerobic change which involves a reactivation of the fetal Hb production so as to restore natural function. With a very high targeting ability as well as prospects for long lasting effects from a single procedure, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology opens up a possible way of correcting the genetic defect of hereditary disease. The core challenges are primarily fourfold: low editing efficiency, off-target effects, the difficulty of expanding hematopoietic stem cells in vitro, and high treatment costs. This might be a possible solution to a form of treatment for sickle cell anaemia, and mainly lays down the theory of how to treat various forms of monogenic disorders.
Autoimmune Skin Diseases: Origin, Classification, Progression, and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies
Globally, the incidence of complex skin diseases such as psoriasis and lupus erythematosus is continuously increasing, and current therapies often fail to achieve complete disease remission. This review explores the pathogenesis, classification, and progression of autoimmune skin diseases, as well as several promising emerging treatment strategies, including JAK-STAT inhibitors, gene and cell therapies, microbiome regulation, and the application of nanotechnology. These strategies aim to enhance disease management efficacy and improve patients’ quality of life. However, several challenges remain, such as safety concerns, high treatment costs, and interindividual variability in treatment response. Although these challenges mean that a complete cure for many stubborn skin diseases will still take some time, the current progress has brought new weapons for more effective control of the disease and improvement of quality of life. For instance, JAK(Ruxolitinib) inhibitors and biologics are now integral to managing atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. While stem cell therapy demonstrates potential in addressing autoimmune conditions like systemic sclerosis and lupus.
PD-L1 Lactylation Overturned the Understanding of Lactylations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, and tumor immune evasion mediated by the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint axis constitutes a critical therapeutic barrier. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant tumor metabolism, particularly lactate accumulation and the associated post-translational modification of lysine lactylation (Kla), can modulate PDL1 expression and function. Recent studies reveal that lysine lactylation modulates PD-L1 through multifaceted mechanisms: histone lactylation at the PD-L1 gene promoter can elevate PD-L1 transcription; lactylationdriven upregulation of factors such as major vault protein (MVP) inhibits PD-L1 proteasomal degradation, increasing its stability; and PD-L1 itself is subject to direct lactylation. Notably, lactylation of PD-L1 at lysine 189 (K189) has been shown to abrogate its nuclear translocation; loss of this modification enables vimentin-mediated nuclear translocation of PD-L1, which in turn promotes tumor progression and metastatic dissemination by triggering de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. These insights underscore a novel link between metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoint regulation, suggesting that targeting the lactylation pathway in a context-dependent manner across distinct tumor stages may optimize therapeutic outcomes in HCC.
Exploring the Relationship Between Depression and Sleep Disorders
Depression is a pressing global public health crisis affecting approximately 380 million people worldwide, with a particularly alarming rise among adolescents. A critical yet underrecognized aspect of this disorder is its strong bidirectional link to sleep disturbances. These issues not only serve as core diagnostic symptoms of depression but also act as independent risk factors for its onset and progression. Significantly, approximately 45% to 50% of suicides worldwide are associated with individuals diagnosed with depression, underscoring the critical need to elucidate the interplay between sleep disturbances and depressive disorders to enhance clinical interventions. This paper systematically examines the reciprocal relationship between the two conditions, exploring key physiological mechanisms (HPA axis dysregulation, neurotransmitter imbalances, chronic inflammation) and psychological factors (rumination, catastrophic sleep beliefs, conditioned arousal). It also evaluates evidence-based interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)—which achieves 60-65% insomnia remission—and targeted pharmacotherapies (e.g., mirtazapine for insomnia-dominant depression). By synthesizing core research findings, this review aims to enhance clinical understanding of their interaction, providing actionable insights to break the cycle of poor sleep and worsening mood.
Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Anti-Aging and Skin Regeneration
Skin aging constitutes a multifaceted physiological process. With the acceleration of global aging, anti-aging and skin regeneration have become research hotspots in aesthetic medicine and regenerative medicine. This paper focuses on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), investigating their diverse mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, and future development trends in combating skin aging and promoting skin regeneration. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology to analyze the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and their anti-aging and regenerative mechanisms achieved via paracrine signaling and direct differentiation. It also examines specific application cases in photodamaged skin and difficult-to-heal wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers. Results indicate that MSCs primarily exert their effects through potent paracrine activity. By releasing multiple growth factors, cytokines, and exosomes, they synergistically confer protection against oxidative stress, exert immunomodulatory regulation, promote collagen synthesis, inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and stimulate angiogenesis. These multifaceted actions effectively delay skin aging and accelerate wound healing. Despite the broad application prospects of MSCs, further research is still needed in areas such as cell standardization protocols, safety evaluation systems, and cell-free therapeutic strategies.