ISSN 2959-409X (Print) ISSN 2960-1290 (Online) Editor-in-chief: Raees Ahmad （Xi'an Jiaotong University） Associate Editor: Zunaira Khalid （University of Lahore） Editorial Board Member: Muhammad Numan （The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University） Yu Diao （Xi'an Jiaotong University） The Journal of MedScien (a shortened form of Medical Science) is a comprehensive, peer-reviewed academic publication dedicated to the advancement of healthcare knowledge. We provide a professional forum for the exchange of scientific ideas, clinical observations, and breakthrough research that shapes the future of medicine. By integrating various branches of health sciences, the journal serves as a vital resource for medical students, nurses, doctors, and researchers worldwide. Our mission is to support the global healthcare community by publishing high-quality, evidence-based content that is accessible to both the practicing clinician and the academic researcher. We believe that by providing a platform for diverse perspectives—from student-led pilot studies to advanced clinical trials—we foster a more collaborative and innovative medical landscape. Scope of Subjects: The Journal of MedScien prides itself on its broad, multidisciplinary scope. We invite submissions across the full spectrum of health and life sciences, including: Medical Science: Fundamental research in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and biochemistry. Pharmaceuticals: Innovations in drug development, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and vaccine research. Clinical Application: Practical insights into surgical techniques, diagnostic tools, patient care, and nursing protocols. General Science: Interdisciplinary research that intersects with health, such as biotechnology, medical ethics, and public health policy. Why Publish with Us? Rigorous Peer Review: Every article undergoes a thorough evaluation by experts in the field to ensure scientific integrity and clinical relevance. Inclusive Readership: Our content is curated to be valuable for those in training (students) and those with years of professional experience (doctors and researchers). Global Reach: We aim to disseminate findings to a wide audience, ensuring that your research has a tangible impact on global health outcomes. The Journal of MedScien remains committed to the principle that better information leads to better care. We welcome your contributions to our upcoming issues. All articles will be submitted to: Google Scholar, Crossref, U.S. Librarian Database, ProQuest (part of Clarivate’s Web of Science), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, SEMANTIC SCHOLAR, OpenAlex.
Epigenetic Inheritance and Environmental Stress: The Role of miR- 212/132 in Transgenerational Behavioral
This study examines the impact of parental stress on offspring behavior, focusing on the miR212/132 gene in mice. Behavioral tests and genetic experiments, including RNA analysis and CRISPR-Cas9 editing, reveal significant behavioral changes in offspring from stressed parents. The miR212/132 gene plays a key role in these changes, offering insights into how stress affects future generations.
Gamma Wave Stimulation Affects BACE1 Levels and Promotes the Transition of Microglia from M1 State to M2 State
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and it presents with the hallmark neuropathological features of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau tangles and active neuroinflammation. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), a key mediator of increased Aβ, has been identified as the primary enzymatic source for production of this pathologic peptide while reactive microglial cells contribute to ongoing neurodegeneration perhaps through activation into their aggressive M1 state. The present study endeavors for the first time to address how gamma wave stimulation modulates BACE1 and microglial polarization (from M1 to beneficial M2) in different AD models. We hypothesize that gamma wave stimulation will reduce BACE1, decrease Aβ plaque burden and shift microglials towards M2 phenotype leading to reduced neuroinflammation and maintain cognitive function. This study will target mouse models of AD which have undergone gamma wave stimulation and its effects on BACE1 expression, microglial polarisation markers, Aβ plaque load and cognitive performance. Hypotheses the treatment will reduce BACE1 activity, decrease M1/M2 microglial ratio, improve cognitive performance and delay Aβ plaque accumulation These data suggest promising therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in AD.
Environmental Stress Drives Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance through miR-212/132 Expression Alterations
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance (TEI) is a phenomenon that is deeply affected by the presence of environmental stress and disease. This phenomenon has been proposed to accelerate the evolution of many animal species. However, most current studies commonly focus on the C. elegans which is frequently presented as deviating a lot from humans and the studies on mice still fail to propose a plausible explanation for the detailed mechanism of TEI in mammals. In this study, we primarily focused on the effect of environmental stress on mice and the possible TEI characteristics it may perform. The miR212/132 was chosen as the main target for studying and the role it plays in the TEI is verified. The hippocampus-sperm communication mechanism of miR212/132 will also be focused and verified which revealed why the differential expression happens in the germ-line cell.
The Medicinal Value and Clinical Use of Isoliquiritin
Isoliquiritin has garnered increasing interest in recent years due to its promising therapeutic properties. It is kind a flavonoid compound derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants from a traditional Chinese medicine licorice. This plant belongs to Leguminosae Glycyrrhiza genus and were listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Traditionally, the dry root and the rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. has been used for the extraction of isoliquiritin. The active compound, isoliquiritin, is now emerging as a key player in modern clinical research, attributed to its diverse pharmacological activities and potential clinical applications. Recent studies have illuminated isoliquiritin’s multifaceted roles in modulating cellular processes and its potential benefits in treating a range of conditions. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are particularly noteworthy, as they contribute to mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation—two underlying factors in many chronic diseases. Additionally, isoliquiritin’s effects on several signal pathways of cells have led to exploration in the context of relative disorders, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The growing body of evidence supporting isoliquiritin’s efficacy prompts a reevaluation of its clinical potential and therapeutic viability. This paper aims to explore the current state of research on isoliquiritin, focusing on its pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. By analyzing currently available data and assessing ongoing clinical trials, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview about the role of isoliquiritin in modern medicine and to identify the future directions about its research and application.
The Source and Extraction of Isoliquiritin
Licorice, as a traditional herb that belongs to Leguminosae Glycyrrhiza genus, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Currently, it is also listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Isoliquiritin, as a flavonoid compound, is widely present in the dry roots and rhizomes of plants that belong to the Glycyrrhiza genus (commonly known as licorice), which includes Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. It has attracted widespread attention for its various biological activities. Isoliquiritin is one of the active ingredients, demonstrating various potential medicinal values such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties. Although isoliquiritin has shown great potential in the field of medicine, its extraction and utilization still face some challenges. At present, the extraction of isoliquiritin mainly relies on plant sources, and the sustainable utilization of plant resources and optimization of extraction methods directly affect its production efficiency and cost. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway of isoliquiritin has not been fully elucidated, which limits the possibility of large-scale production through biotechnological means. This article aims to systematically review the sources and extraction methods of isoliquiritin, explore its potential applications in modern medicine, and analyze the shortcomings and future research directions in current research. This will provide an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the further development and utilization of isoliquiritin.
T cell derived exosome for cancer immunotherapy
To date, many approaches to cancer treatment have been developed, such as adoptive cellular immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. However, these methods often have certain limitations, such as low response rates and the risk of autoimmune attacks. Using exosomes for cancer intervention is currently a very promising therapeutic approach, especially for drug delivery or direct cancer cell targeting through exosomes. In this study, we focused on the extraction of exosomes derived from T cells to induce apoptosis in tumors, as well as conducting fundamental tests on their characteristics. We successfully extracted a certain number of exosomes from mouse T cell line CTLL-2 cells and examined their properties, including particle size, zeta potential, electron transmission microscopy, and western blot analysis. Finally, we confirmed the viability of the extracted exosomes in vitro.
Development of a PD-L1 Overexpression System in HEK293T Cells: A Platform for Studying Immune Evasion Mechanisms
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a key immune checkpoint protein that facilitates tumor immune evasion by interacting with PD-1 receptors on T cells, making the PD-1/PD-L1 axis a critical target in cancer immunotherapy. However, resistance to these therapies remains a challenge, necessitating further exploration of PD-L1’s functions and regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we amplified the PD-L1 coding sequence (CDS) from human cDNA, cloned it into a pcDNA3.1 vector, and transfected it into HEK293T cells to establish a robust in vitro PD-L1 overexpression system. Quantitative RT-qPCR demonstrated a 300-400 fold increase in PD-L1 mRNA expression compared to controls. These results confirm the successful construction of the PD-L1 overexpression plasmid and validate its application as a tool for studying PD-L1’s role in immune modulation and its potential implications in overcoming resistance to immunotherapy. This system provides a valuable platform for future investigations into PD-L1-mediated mechanisms of immune evasion and cancer progression.
Comparative Study on Pigment Components (Flavonols and Anthocyanins) and Antioxidant Capacity in Different Colored Doublepetal Lotus
Lotus, an edible flower with high ornamental values, takes forms in many sizes, shapes, and colors. Among which, double-petal lotus not only has higher ornamental values but also gives a yield advantage in exploitation due to the large number of petals. Flower color is an important ornamental indicator, and flavonoids are the key basis for color presentation as well as important active components in lotus. This research used petals of four different colored double-petal lotus cultivars to identify their petal color, pigment localization, and pigment components (flavonols and anthocyanins), as well as the antioxidant activity of the petal extraction solution using the ABTS method. It was discovered that the white YMQ was the brightest but had the lowest Chroma and the third-highest Hue angle, while the dark red WFMH was the darkest but had both the highest Chroma and Hue angle. Most of the colored pigments were located in all the thin-walled cells immediately adjacent to both the upper and lower epidermis. The yellow MLQS had the highest amount of Quercetin derivatives in flavonols but the lowest antioxidant activity, the dark red WFMH had the highest amount of anthocyanin, and the pink MDZ had the highest antioxidant activity. This research offers insights into the potential medical usage of certain double-petal lotus cultivars like MLQS and WFMH, hopefully providing a reference for the identification of raw materials for extracting pigments to improve sleep patterns and prevent Alzheimer’s Disease.
Construction of Metal Ion Composite Materials and Their Autophagy Activation to Control the Growth of Malassezia on the Skin
Malassezia can cause various skin diseases, and even lead to more severe problems for specific populations such as immunocompromised children and adults, people with high sebum secretion, and patients with gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, a plenty of research has indicated that traditional antifungal treatment methods may lead to drug resistance problems. Due to the traditional methods causing this problem, there is an urgent need for new methods to treat Malassezia induced diseases. Metal ions have been utilized in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Existing studies have shown that certain metal ions have bactericidal effects, requiring specific metal ions to be selected for different situations. Here, a method to activate autophagy through copper and iron ions has been proposed. This study focuses on the construction of novel metal ion-conforming materials and their role in activating autophagy in Malassezia, developing composite materials based on metal ions to control the growth of Malassezia.
The Impact of Local Ketamine on Spatial Cognition Through Dopamine
The dopamine system plays a crucial role in maintaining spatial cognitive functions. Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, indirectly affects dopamine release and function by modulating glutamatergic neuronal activity, leading to spatial cognitive impairments. This study aims to explore the specific mechanisms through which local ketamine administration affects spatial cognition. By injecting ketamine into the hippocampus of mice and combining behavioral experiments with brain tissue analysis, we found that ketamine-induced dopamine damage significantly impairs the mice’s spatial orientation abilities. This discovery offers new insights into the negative impact of ketamine addiction on cognitive function.
Review on the application of ginsenosides and their pharmaceutical preparations in the treatment of breast cancer
Ginsenosides, as the main active ingredients of ginseng, have shown great potential in the treatment of breast cancer. Studies have found that many types of ginsenosides, such as PPD ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, CK and PPT ginsenosides Rg1, Rg2, have inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells. These components can effectively inhibit the development of breast cancer by directly inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells, inducing apoptosis, enhancing the anticancer ability of NK cells, and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the liposome and nanoparticle drug delivery system synthesized by ginsenoside showed great advantages in the application of drug formulations, providing a new strategy for the targeted transportation of antitumor drugs and improving the tumor killing ability. These research results not only provide a new strategy for breast cancer treatment, but also expand the application prospect of ginsenosides in cancer treatment. In the future, with the in-depth research, ginsenosides and their pharmaceutical preparations are expected to play a greater role in the treatment of breast cancer and bring more hope to patients.
Exploring the Mechanisms and Functions of the Impact of Ketamine on Spatial Orientation Decision Making
The aim of the study is to explore the impact of ketamine on sound perception and spatial orientation decision making, and the mechanism of how ketamine impacts perception and decision abilities. The methods used include behavioral and histology approaches. From the results, it can be concluded one of the brain regions affected by ketamine is TeA(temporal association area), which plays a vital role in sound perception and spatial orientation. An unexpected finding is that ketamine impacts left turning and right turning decisions at different degree, which requires further research on ketamine’s different impact on two cerebral hemispheres. In all, the study’s findings help people further understand how ketamine impacts spatial and sound perception.
Synthesis and exploration of the structure and function of artificially synthesized red blood cells
Nowadays, many major diseases and surgical treatments require fresh blood to be injected into patients. However, fresh red blood cells’ storage and typing conditions are very strict, which has led to research on artificial red blood cells. Through conducting research experiments on artificial red blood cells, human blood samples are subjected to a series of steps such as mineralization, filtration, and calcination, ultimately obtaining a small amount of artificial red blood cell samples. This series of research and learning has laid a solid foundation for the demand for large-scale blood production in the medical field, helping to improve the quality and quantity of blood resources in various medical facilities.
Research on the prevention and control of plant diseases by antagonistic microorganisms
Plant diseases, often caused by bacterial infections, pose significant challenges to human society due to their widespread and harmful consequences, resulting in substantial losses. Although traditional chemical prevention and control methods have shown effectiveness, they still pose serious environmental and other risks. Therefore, developing biological control is crucial for future plant disease prevention and management. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms. We conducted four related experiments and eventually reaffirmed the substantial inhibitory effect of antagonistic microorganisms on the growth of plant pathogens. Our findings are of great significance for further expanding the application scope and popularization of antagonistic bacteria and also enriching the specific application of antagonistic microorganisms for specific plant control.
Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Neurotoxicology
Neurotoxicological studies usually use mammals similar to humans as model animals for research. Although the high similarity with humans makes it a good choice, the complicated nervous system and the difficulty of feeding and operation have become unfavorable conditions in the research. And the longer life span greatly extends the research cycle to study long-term toxicity. The problem can be solved using Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans)as experimental animals. C.elegans have a fast growth rate, short research period, and easy culture and preservation compared with mammals used to study Neurotoxicology. It has the advantages of strong genetic stability, gene conservation, small individual differences, simple structure, and easy observation and operation. So, C. elegans is an ideal model for longterm toxicity study.
Common Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Gynecological Cancers
Breast cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer pose a serious threat to women’s health. Their initiation and progression are closely associated with multiple factors, including genetic susceptibility, abnormalities in DNA repair, viral infection and hormonal regulation. This review systematically summarizes the main preventive strategies and current treatment status of the three cancers. In terms of prevention, particular emphasis is placed on the roles of genetic screening, pharmacological interventions, HPV vaccination, and healthy lifestyle modifications in reducing cancer risk. Regarding treatment, the review outlines comprehensive therapeutic approaches based on surgery and radiotherapy/chemotherapy, combined with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and maintenance therapy, and analyzes their advantages and limitations across different disease stages. Overall, precise screening and stageadapted treatment strategies can significantly improve patient prognosis; however, the appropriate populations and long-term efficacy of emerging therapeutic approaches require further investigation and validation. Future efforts should integrate molecular subtyping and biomarkers to optimize precision prevention and comprehensive treatment strategies for gynecological malignancies.
The Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) ranks among the most prevalent and deadly cardiovascular conditions globally. Lately, an observable trend shows that CAD is increasingly impacting younger people. This article aims to study the relationship between the unique nutrients in the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and CAD, so as to achieve its prevention and adjuvant treatment effect, and provides more feasible schemes for the alleviation of CAD. This paper reviews the potential mechanism of the key nutrients in the MeDi in the prevention and adjuvant treatment of CAD by systematically consulting and summarizing the relevant literature at home and abroad. The results show that the MeDi through its special nutrients (such as oleic acid, polyphenols, ω -3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, plant proteins, etc.) have multi-target, multi-channel effects and their synergistic effects in regulating blood lipid metabolism, improving vascular endothelial function and other aspects of effective intervention on CAD, thus playing the role of intervention and adjuvant therapy on CAD.
Causal Association between Anxiety and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
For the past few years, the prevalence rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been continuously increasing. The situation becomes an important factor affecting individual and social development. Based on the traditional Chinese medicine model of “Earth deficiency leading to wood shaking”, the paper utilizes the method of literature research to systematically demonstrate the bidirectional causal relationship between anxiety and IBD. The core conclusion reveals that anxiety is not only a common comorbidity of IBD but also an independent risk factor for its incidence. On the contrary, the disease burden of IBD directly leads to the occurrence and exacerbation of anxiety. This bidirectional relationship is mainly mediated through the “brain-gut axis” mechanism, including the activation of the HPA axis, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and abnormalities in neuroimmune regulation. Based on this, the study presents a bidirectional and comprehensive intervention strategy, emphasizing the need to pay attention to both the physical and mental health of patients in clinical practice. Furthermore, to accomplish better prevention and treatment outcomes, clinical practice use integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment, psychological intervention, and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Earth deficiency leading to wood shaking
The Effectiveness and Barriers of Medicine Review in Managing Elderly Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy is increasingly common among elderly population. While the use of multiple medications may be clinical unavoidable due to multiple health conditions, however, non-essential and inappropriate polypharmacy can increase the risk of poorer health outcomes such as medication-related complications. The following paper evaluates the effectiveness of medication review intervention in addressing polypharmacy in older population, especially on the reduction of the number of medications used, adverse events and health expenditure. The barriers that affect the effectiveness of medication review service. The findings demonstrate that by identifying the inappropriate medication therapies and provide improved medication plans, medication review service can help to reduce the number of medications that was used by the patient, medication-related side effects and expenditure on healthcare. However, the effectiveness of medication review is challenged by both patient’s health literacy and systemic barriers included time constrains and limited healthcare resources. Both factors could further compromise the effect of medication review in addressing polypharmacy. Consequently, it is clinical and practical essential to ensure that the use of multiple medications among elderly population are appropriate and clinical necessary, as this can help to improve the health outcome of the elderly patients and a more efficient allocation of the healthcare resources.
The Mechanism and Intervention Strategies of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Caused by High-Fructose Beverages in Adolescents
There is a common chronic liver disease among adolescents, called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is common among teenagers all over the world. This kind of liver disease is difficult to detect in the early stage, and the symptoms are not obvious, but long-term development will lead to liver evolution. And this liver disease can lead to insulin resistance and metabolic complications. However, the current medical direction is mainly targeted at adults, and there is still a lack of research on the causes and prevention mechanisms of adolescents. In fact, the liver metabolism of adolescents is very active, which will also lead to the immaturity of intestinal flora, so the mechanism of liver disease in adolescents is worth studying. This paper systematically introduced the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents and the data of high fructose intake, explained the relationship between high fructose intake and the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, proposed intervention strategies at different levels for different age groups, analyzed the implementation problems faced by implementing these measures in reality, and summarized the possible research directions and prevention prospects in the future.
Advanced Delivery Systems for Telomere-Targeting Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
Nucleic acid therapeutics can provide precise sequence programmability for cancer and aging-related telomeres and telomerase, but their clinical translation is still severely limited due to rapid nuclease degradation, endosomal trapping and mainly the nuclear barrier. This paper systematically reviews the landscape of delivery methods designed to overcome these physiological barriers and seeks to bridge the gap from molecular design in the laboratory to actual in vivo proof of concept in animal models. Foundational chemical changes like Phosphorothioate backbones and Locked Nucleic Acids are seen as crucial for enhancing stability and binding affinity. In addition to this, viral vectors, LNPs (Lipid Nanoparticles), polymeric systems, etc., different kinds of carrier platforms are also analyzed for observing the overall performance of this system to obtain balanced results with regard to efficiency of nuclear transduction, safety, and manufacturing scale. This paper emphasizes focusing on synergy, using “stealth” carriers for systemic circulation with specific nuclear localization signals (NLS) so that the payload is deposited at the chromosomal ends. This paper aims to summarize current progress on the adaptation relationships between delivery routes and telomere-specific demands and to offer a reference on how to choose an appropriate delivery strategy for oncology and regenerative medicine.
Safety Study of Dietary Nitrate in Humans: Carcinogenicity and Thyroid Function
The nutritional nitrate is widespread in the human diet. The conventional approaches primarily view it as having possible health hazards, particularly in the formation of nitrosamines and cancer vulnerability. During the last twenty years, a body of evidence has slowly accumulated that demonstrates the beneficial effect of the nitrate to nitrite to nitric oxide pathway in the cardiovascular health. This route controls blood pressure and improves exercise performance making nitrate a dual-function molecule that has advantages and has the potential to be toxic. The other major challenge in the field today is the absence of an allinclusive risk-assessment framework. This framework must consider dose-response relations, exposure, and individual variation and the general dietary setup. Safe levels have not been defined in regard to people at risk like those with renal failure or those within thyroid disease susceptibility. Future studies should be able to define the extent and pathways of action of nitrate at two critical toxicological endpoints. The carcinogenicity and thyroid perturbation are these endpoints, and research must be conducted on modulatory responses of dietary habits and antioxidants. The current paper is a systematic review of the nitrate carcinogenicity, the mechanisms that may cause this carcinogenicity, and the influence on thyroid functioning. It is a summary of the available information to inform safety evaluation and health instructions of dietary nitrate.
Emotion Experience in Aphantasia: Insights from Autobiographical Memory, Prospection and Mental Simulation
Mental imagery functions as an emotional amplifier by supporting perceptually vivid simulations in memory and prospection. Aphantasia, characterized by absent or severely reduced visual imagery, has relevantly been associated with attenuated emotional experience during autobiographical recall, future thinking, and engagement with narrated events. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these affective differences and how they relate to broader theories of episodic construction remain underexplored. This review synthesizes evidence demonstrating an attenuation of embodied emotion in aphantasia alongside preserved emotional appraisal. It also examines the phenomenological differences in remembering and imagining episodic events. Situating these findings within theories of episodic reconstruction, this review explores possible implications of imagery absence in aphantasia for empathy, evaluative conditioning, motivation, adaptive decision-making and emotion regulation. A key direction for future theorizing is to account for the embodied and appraisal components of emotional experience in aphantasia and their significance across prospective and retrospective autobiographical events at both behavioral and neural levels.
Obesity and Cancer Risk: Epidemiological Evidence, Dose–Response Relationship, and Causal Inference
Obesity has become a global public health challenge with important implications for the occurrence and development of many cancers. Epidemiological studies have shown that body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat measured by imaging are all closely associated with an increased risk of cancer, involving sitespecific cancers such as colorectal, breast, endometrial, pancreatic, hepatocellular, renal, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Prospective cohort studies and metaanalyses consistently confirmed a significant dose-response relationship, with an increase of approximately 18% in colorectal cancer, approximately 50% in endometrial cancer, and approximately 25% in kidney cancer for every 5 kg/m² increase in BMI. Mendelian randomized studies further support causal inference, and results from natural experiments and intervention studies such as bariatric surgery and long-term follow-up also show that obesityrelated cancer risk is reversible to some extent. Despite the limitations of measurement error, reverse causality and detection bias, the triangulation of cohort, meta, MR and intervention effectively enhanced the robustness of the research conclusions. Overall, there is a clear, stable, and cross-methodologically consistent dose-response relationship between obesity and cancer risk, providing a scientific basis for cancer prevention and control.
Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Drug Therapy
Diabetes is common around the world. It has several types and, among them, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very common in many countries and can be found in all age groups. T2DM has some complications that really make patients’ lives inconvenient and some of the complications can bring high mortality. This review discusses how these complications happen and drug therapies for some of the diseases, also talks about some other factors that could make drug therapies different and gives some ways to discover drugs that can improve treatment plans. The complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus are mostly microor macrovascular diseases, whose onset and progression are caused by its uncontrolled nature. At present, the drug treatment for type 2 diabetes includes two types: oral hypoglycemic drugs and injectable preparations. At present, the treatment of type 2 diabetes focuses on comprehensive management, with the goal of controlling blood sugar and preventing complications. Future research may focus on new drug development, technological and therapeutic innovations, early intervention and reversal of type 2 diabetes.
Research Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Recurrence Following Osteochondroma Surgery
Osteochondroma is prone to recurrence following surgical intervention, and modern medical treatments have inherent limitations. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of bone tumours. This study focuses on TCM approaches to preventing and treating post-operative recurrence of osteochondroma. Employing a methodology combining literature review with clinical case analysis, it examines clinical cases of patients who underwent osteochondroma surgery and relevant literature. Results indicate that TCM, centred on “tonifying the liver and kidneys,” employs formulas such as Liuwei Dihuang Wan to promote bone repair and reduce recurrence rates. However, challenges remain in the standardization of TCM pattern differentiation. Conclusions suggest TCM can complement medical treatments, highlighting the need for in-depth research and standardised clinical application.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Globally, metabolic diseases are highly prevalent, which not only compromise patients’ quality of life but also impose a heavy socioeconomic burden on society. Moreover, gut microbiota dysbiosis is one of the key components in the progression of these diseases. This review focuses on the treatment of metabolic diseases through the modulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It aims to clarify the mechanisms by which TCM improves metabolic diseases via regulating gut microbiota, as well as the interaction between TCM and gut microbiota. Additionally, this review summarizes the research evidence of TCM in treating certain metabolic diseases and outlines future research.
The Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain-------How We Perceive Flavor
Whenever we like food, we say that it “tastes good”. However, most of what we refer to as taste is actually smell. This paper examines how the human brain integrates signals from taste buds and the nose to form the perception of flavor. A common misconception among the general public is that these two signals are completely separate. However, they do have interactions, particularly in regions of the brain, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, where finally the tongue meets the olfactory system. One of the concepts that will be discussed is retronasal olfaction: the process by which odors from food in the mouth travel upward into the nose during chewing and swallowing. This paper discusses the conclusions based on reading the paper from Small et al. (2004), who, through imaging research, found that different brain regions react differently to the same smell, depending on how it enters the head through the nose or the mouth. Through a review of neuroscience and behavioral research, this paper aims to demonstrate that flavor is not merely a sensation of the tongue. It is, in fact, a multisensory process that is influenced by biology, memory, and culture.
Research Progress on the Application of PI3K/AKT Pathway in the Treatment of Depression
Depression, also known as depressive disorder, is a common psychological disorder. The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway can affect neurophysiological processes directly related to depression, such as synaptic transmission and neuroinflammatory response, by regulating downstream key molecules. This article explores the impact of the PI3K/ AKT pathway on depression. Through comprehensive literature analysis, this article shows the main molecular mechanisms of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and emphasizes the regulatory role of this pathway in synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and dopamine expression, which directly affect depression. By consulting the recent progress in the development of medicines for depression and figuring out the underlying mechanism, this article concludes that medicines based on the PI3K/AKT pathway have great potential. If the potential safety issues can be addressed and the efficacy of the medicine treatment can be further improved, depression patients worldwide could be largely cured with medicines that modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Image Processing Techniques in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Research Review
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent and severe microvascular complications associated with diabetes, serving as the leading cause of blindness among adults globally. With the escalating prevalence of diabetes, early detection and timely intervention for DR have become critical public health priorities. However, traditional manual diagnosis of fundus images is hindered by inefficiencies, subjectivity, and reliance on professional expertise, making it inadequate to meet the increasing demands for screening. In recent years, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and image processing technologies has paved a new path for automated and accurate DR diagnosis. This study systematically reviews the key research advancements and application methods of image processing techniques in DR diagnosis. Initially, it analyzes the role of deep learning models in fundus image analysis across four dimensions: image preprocessing, feature extraction, lesion segmentation, and disease grading. Subsequently, it summarizes the technical characteristics and application outcomes of representative algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), U-Net, YOLO, and DarkNet. Finally, it explores current challenges, including dataset imbalance, insufficient model interpretability, and difficulties in clinical implementation. Research findings indicate that deep learning models based on transfer learning and attention mechanisms achieve over 95% sensitivity and above 90% specificity on public datasets, providing robust support for the early screening and precise diagnosis of DR.