ISSN 2959-409X (Print) ISSN 2960-1290 (Online) Editor-in-chief: Raees Ahmad （Xi'an Jiaotong University） Associate Editor: Zunaira Khalid （University of Lahore） Editorial Board Member: Muhammad Numan （The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University） Yu Diao （Xi'an Jiaotong University） The Journal of MedScien (a shortened form of Medical Science) is a comprehensive, peer-reviewed academic publication dedicated to the advancement of healthcare knowledge. We provide a professional forum for the exchange of scientific ideas, clinical observations, and breakthrough research that shapes the future of medicine. By integrating various branches of health sciences, the journal serves as a vital resource for medical students, nurses, doctors, and researchers worldwide. Our mission is to support the global healthcare community by publishing high-quality, evidence-based content that is accessible to both the practicing clinician and the academic researcher. We believe that by providing a platform for diverse perspectives—from student-led pilot studies to advanced clinical trials—we foster a more collaborative and innovative medical landscape. Scope of Subjects: The Journal of MedScien prides itself on its broad, multidisciplinary scope. We invite submissions across the full spectrum of health and life sciences, including: Medical Science: Fundamental research in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and biochemistry. Pharmaceuticals: Innovations in drug development, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and vaccine research. Clinical Application: Practical insights into surgical techniques, diagnostic tools, patient care, and nursing protocols. General Science: Interdisciplinary research that intersects with health, such as biotechnology, medical ethics, and public health policy. Why Publish with Us? Rigorous Peer Review: Every article undergoes a thorough evaluation by experts in the field to ensure scientific integrity and clinical relevance. Inclusive Readership: Our content is curated to be valuable for those in training (students) and those with years of professional experience (doctors and researchers). Global Reach: We aim to disseminate findings to a wide audience, ensuring that your research has a tangible impact on global health outcomes. The Journal of MedScien remains committed to the principle that better information leads to better care. We welcome your contributions to our upcoming issues. All articles will be submitted to: Google Scholar, Crossref, U.S. Librarian Database, ProQuest (part of Clarivate’s Web of Science), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, SEMANTIC SCHOLAR, OpenAlex.
Exploring HIV-1 Cure Strategies: Insights from CCR5Δ32/Δ32 Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) remains a major global health concern despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has transformed HIV-1 into a manageable chronic condition, yet it is not curative, as it does not eliminate viral reservoirs that persist and can reignite infection if treatment is discontinued. A functional cure for HIV-1—control of the virus without ongoing ART—has been a significant focus of research, particularly through approaches such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with donors harboring the CCR5Δ32 mutation. The CCR5Δ32 mutation prevents HIV-1 from entering host cells by disrupting the CCR5 receptor, a key co-receptor for viral entry, which makes individuals resistant to CCR5-tropic strains of HIV-1. This review mainly focuses a case study of a 53-yearold male with HIV-1 and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who received a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT in 2013. The patient exhibited long-term HIV-1 remission, with no viral rebound 48 months after stopping ART. Despite sporadic detection of HIV-1 DNA, no replication-competent virus was found through extensive virological and immunological assessments. The study suggests that the combination of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 transplantation, chemotherapy, and a graft-versus-HIV effect contributed to reducing the viral reservoir and maintaining viral suppression. In addition to other four cases with similar situation from the past, which are London case (2009), Berlin case (2013), Caucasian case (2022), and US case (2022), together supporting the potential of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT as a functional cure for HIV-1, while highlighting the need for further research to optimize this approach for broader application.
Application and Prospects of Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Technologies.
The BCI technology has long been known as a technology that could transform our modern world entirely. Despite most of the BCI today being invasive, non-invasive BCI are also developing toward its real world implementation. Compared with the traditional ones, non-invasive BCI has provided us with different approaches, making BCI practical and accessible to a broader range of customers. It could empower the individual with disabilities like strokes or neurodegenerative diseases to interact with their environment without doing open-brain surgery. These BCIs could also be customized and provide a treatment that focuses the attention of the patient. Nevertheless, BCI is still faced with several challenges, such as improvement in its accuracy and efficiency. Yet the future is prosperous, Combined with higher levels of computing analysis via artificial intelligence, BCI can achieve furthermore or human could also integrate this technology within their daily life. However, preceding its application, The importance of its infinite potential regarding the danger that could undermine its benefit should be noticed. Despite its drawback concerning ethnic issues, BCI still holds unlimited potential and will continue to reshape the world today, and beyond.
Prions and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Protein Misfolding and Spread.
mwymwAbstract: Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are universally lethal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into its pathological isoform. This arises through the ability of the misfolded protein to induce conformational changes in normally folded proteins, thereby initiating aggregation processes and neurodegenerative events. Very recent investigations have shown that such prion-like mechanisms are not limited to classic prion diseases but also play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Protein misfolding, aggregation, and the spreading of such proteins as amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein are related to the mechanisms of prion propagation, therefore accelerating disease. This review outlines the molecular pathways underlying prion misfolding, aggregation, and cell-to-cell transmission, focusing on state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies that interfere with these processes. Recent advancements in diagnostic techniques have, in particular, given great boosts to the presymptomatic diagnosis of prion diseases by means of the RT-QuIC assay. It concludes with a discussion of how further research into prion-like mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies for a wide array of NDDs.
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Prospects of Fermented Soymilk as an Expected Plant-based Food.
Fermented soymilk is receiving more concern worldwide as consumers have pursued a healthy and low-carbon lifestyle in recent decades. Fermented soymilk has not only an inexpensive cost and plentiful nutrition including high content of proteins, low in cholesterol, and lactose-free but also can produce many bioactive substances after fermentation by various microorganisms. The bioavailability of nutrients such as the digestion of proteins and the reduction of antinutritional factors are improved because of the hydrolyzation of different enzymes generated from the growth of microorganisms in soymilk. Furthermore, the contents of bioactive compounds including the bioactive peptides and the free isoflavones are promoted significantly. These bioactive compounds are associated with some health benefits such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and hypocholesterolemic effects. The sensory qualities are changed as well after fermentation. This shows that fermented soymilk can be expected as a novel nutritional and functional food in the food markets. This review covers the changes in main nutrients, bioactive compositions, and flavor compounds after the fermentation of soymilk to provide more information for the development of fermented soy milk as one of the burgeoning soy products.
Long-term Safety Profile of Semaglutide in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity.
Diabetes and obesity are major global health concerns, often leading to serious complications such as heart disease and premature death. Recent progress in treatment has underscored the effectiveness of GLP- 1 receptor agonists, like semaglutide, in improving blood sugar levels and aiding weight loss. Semaglutide has demonstrated significant benefits in managing both T2DM and obesity. However, its long-term safety remains largely unexamined. This study aimed to assess the safety profile of semaglutide, focusing on common side effects like gastrointestinal issues, gallbladder disease, and the potential risk of pancreatitis. It also examined how factors such as varying dosages, methods of administration, and patient characteristics influenced these side effects. The results showed that semaglutide was generally well tolerated, though gastrointestinal side effects were doserelated, and rare complications like pancreatitis require further investigation. While the study provides valuable insights for future research, more long-term data is necessary, particularly for patients with multiple health conditions. Future studies should prioritize these groups and investigate the mechanisms behind rare but serious side effects.
Alprolix: Structural Innovation and Clinical Applications in Hemophilia B Management.
Hemophilia B is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by a deficiency in coagulation factor IX (FIX), leading to spontaneous or trauma-induced bleeding episodes with significant morbidity and mortality if untreated. Traditional plasma-derived FIX concentrates, while effective, posed risks of bloodborne pathogen transmission. The advent of recombinant FIX products, such as BeneFIX in 1997, offered a safer alternative. Alprolix, a long-acting recombinant FIX product approved in 2014, employs Fc fusion technology to extend the half-life of FIX, reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient convenience. This review delves into the protein synthesis technologies behind FIX preparations, with a focus on recombinant methods, and evaluates the current state of recombinant FIX therapy. Alprolix is administered intravenously and has shown good tolerability, efficacy, and no inhibitors in clinical trials, indicating its safety. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal a half-life of approximately 82.1 hours, supporting less frequent dosing. The volume of distribution, area under the curve, clearance rate, and elimination rate constant are detailed, highlighting Alprolix’s extended duration and therapeutic goal of maintaining stable clotting factor IX levels. Alprolix’s performance in preventive treatment, with a zero annualized spontaneous bleeding rate in children, underscores its role in reducing joint bleeding and disability rates. Despite advancements, challenges in treatment optimization and global accessibility persist. This paper seeks to highlight potential future directions for improving hemophilia B treatment, emphasizing the need for further innovations in stability, efficacy, and accessibility of advanced therapies.
Retrospective Analysis Comparing the Effectiveness of Epoetin Alfa and Darbepoetin Alfa in Cancer Related and Chronic Kidney Disease Related Anemia Patients.
This retrospective analysis compares Epoetin Alfa and Darbepoetin Alfa in the treatment of patients with anaemia with cancer and anaemia with chronic kidney disease. Both erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) stimulate erythropoiesis by modelling the natural hormone erythropoietin. Epoetin Alfa and Darbepoetin Alfa have significant structural and pharmacokinetic differences. Epoetin Alfa has a shorter half-life and needs to be administered more frequently, whereas Darbepoetin Alfa has a longer half-life and can be administered less frequently. However, they both increase the risk of thromboembolic events (TEE). This review explores the mechanisms of increased risk of TEE, evaluates clinical data, and discusses strategies to reduce risk. Clinical evidence suggests that Darbepoetin Alfa has a lower incidence of TEE compared to Epoetin Alfa. Individualisation of medication, regular haemoglobin monitoring and thromboprophylaxis in high-risk patients are essential to optimise treatment. The paper highlights the necessity of further research into safer alternatives. In summary, darbepoetin alfa may be a priority for stable patients due to its pharmacokinetic advantages and reduced risk of TEE. This article provides options to healthcare professionals for prescribing the drug and provides ideas for subsequent research directions.
A Comparative Analysis of Insulin Glargine and New Insulin Analog LY IGlar in Diabetes Treatment.
This review compares insulin glargine (IGlar) and the new insulin analog LY IGlar in diabetes treatment. IGlar, a long-acting insulin analog, has been widely used clinically. Insulin glargine LY29630160 (LY IGlar) has a special chemical structure with potential advantages like a longer half-life and improved absorption. Clinical studies show comparable blood sugar control efficacy between the two, with LY IGlar having a potentially lower hypoglycemia risk. They have similar effects on blood glucose regulation and other side effects. Dosing differences of LY IGlar may simplify regimens, and patient feedback varies. Future research needs larger and longer studies to address limitations and explore combination therapies and costeffectiveness.
Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation of LY2963016: A Comprehensive Study of Insulin Glargine Biosimilarity to Lantus®.
The first biosimilar insulin LY2963016 insulin glargine (Abasaglar) received regulatory approval in Europe, marking a significant step as biosimilar insulin products enter the market. Given that insulin products are complex biological agents produced through intricate biotechnological processes, they are not identical to their reference products. This article reviews a series of experiments to compare the bioequivalence of LY2963016 insulin glargine (LY IGlar) and reference insulin glargine (Lantus, IGlar) in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, assessing structure, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety, and duration of action. Additionally, their immunogenicity profiles and their potential impact on clinical outcomes were were examined, demonstrating comparable outcomes between LY IGlar and IGlar in terms of bioequivalence and immunogenicity.
The Role of Recombinant Protein Technology in the Development and Global Impact of Gardasil: Addressing HPVInduced Cancers and Advancing Vaccine Strategies.
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is classified into low or high-risk genotype. It is responsible for nearly 5% of all human cancers in both sexes worldwide; certain high-risk genotypes can cause cervical cancer in women. Gardasil vaccine is designed to prevent HPV infections in people aged 9 to 45. By utilizing virus-like particles (VLPs), which are non-infectious mimics of the virus, the vaccine triggers a robust immune response without the risk of causing the disease. One of the major advantages of using recombinant proteins in vaccines like Gardasil is that they are highly immunogenic and allow for precise targeting of specific viral strains. Researchers have proven that Gardasil is safe and effective in clinical trials, although such data is limited for pregnant women. Promoting Gardasil globally will require continued efforts to raise awareness about the vaccine’s benefits, address vaccine hesitancy, and ensure equitable access, particularly in regions where HPVrelated cancers are most prevalent.
Deep Learning Approaches for Early Alzheimer’s Detection Using Multimodal Imaging.
This work explores the utility of multimodal imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as the importance of machine learning, notably convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In order to enhance the diagnostic performance of brain scans, the study employed a range of models, such as Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG16), EfficientNetB7, and a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture, to collect both spatial and temporal data. Using datasets from Kaggle and the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the models achieved very high accuracy. A 98.68% overall accuracy and an F-Score of 98.95% were shown by VGG16 and EfficientNetB7. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve study demonstrated strong discriminating abilities, with an area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.80 to 0.83. The CNN-LSTM hybrid model effectively handled long-term dependencies in picture data, leading to better performance. These results show that deep learning has a great deal of promise for aiding in the early diagnosis of AD and providing a useful tool for enhancing diagnostic precision in clinical settings. Subsequent investigations may broaden the dataset and improve algorithms to amplify prediction resilience.
Comparison of Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Prevention and Control Policies: A Systematic Review.
mwymwAbstract: Tuberculosis, is a contagious respiratory condition caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With the rapid prevalence of COVID-19, the multifaceted public health interventions, including nonpharmaceutical measures have been conducted. Results showed that the public health policies implemented by China during the COVID-19 outbreak have had a positive impact on controlling the development of tuberculosis. This paper explores the interplay between tuberculosis (TB) control and the public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. It highlights how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as travel restrictions, social distancing, mask-wearing, and early case detection, initially designed to contain COVID-19, also contributed to reducing TB transmission. Additionally, the rapid development of China’s public health infrastructure and the use of digital technologies during the pandemic enhanced TB surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment adherence. Key interventions included electronic patient service systems, digital adherence technologies (DATs), and integrated digital platforms that improved treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as reduced TB notifications during COVID-19 and financial constraints in TB management were identified. The paper emphasizes the importance of policy adaptations, technological innovations, and sustainable healthcare reforms to address TB in a post-pandemic world. China’s experience provides valuable insights for future infectious disease control, demonstrating how coordinated public health strategies can effectively manage multiple health challenges simultaneously.
Structural Analysis of the SCN1A R1648H Mutation in Epilepsy Using Alpha Fold.
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic, noncommunicable neurological conditions in the world, affecting around 50 million people worldwide. The condition is characterized by repeated seizures caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain. The major causes of the condition include brain injury or infection, metabolic problems, neurotransmitter imbalance, and genetic factors. Besides the major causes listed above, genetic mutations also play an important role in certain forms. SCN1A is one of the key genes involved and is linked with Dravet syndrome—a severe developmental and epileptic condition—and a list of epileptic conditions. The SCN1A gene produces a specific protein, part of the sodium channel (NaV1.1), in nerve cells. This protein can regulate sodium ions across the cell membranes, which is critical for how the electrical signals move and can be controlled. However, the mutations in SCN1A can disrupt such electrical signal movement processes, leading to nerve transmission problems and possibly increasing the chance of seizures. This study employs AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence-based protein structure prediction tool, to explore the structural changes caused by the R1648H mutation. By comparing the wild-type and mutant SCN1A proteins, we aim to identify specific alterations contributing to sodium channel malfunctioning in epileptic conditions. Understanding these molecular consequences can bridge the gap between genetic mutations and clinical outcomes, potentially informing the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches for SCN1A-related epilepsies.
Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health and Prospects in Clinical Application.
This article discusses the detailed effects of probiotics and the potential uses in curing diseases. Research shows that certain living organisms can bring about the following benefits for man; they help maintain the ratio of the good bacteria in the intestines, improve the immune system, reduce allergic reactions, aid intestinal movement and digestion. On the other hand, probiotics may also help to modulate emotions, cognition, and stress by influencing the communication between the gut-brain axis and neurotransmitter. Furthermore, the identified probiotic metabolites, the short-chain fatty acids, are involved in metabolic processes within the intestine and other organs. Probiotics also have some anti-cancer, anti-disease and anti-inflammatory effects, and can suppress pathogens and inflammation by affecting immune cells. This article also discusses the link between probiotics in the intestinal and nervous system diseases and chronic diseases and their roles in future medical science and clinical practice. Most of the current research work is done on probiotics is done in vitro and animal studies and future clinical study has to be undertaken to ascertain their mechanisms and effectiveness in human beings.
The Impact of Immunotherapy Drugs on the Human Nervous System.
Immunotherapy is rapidly becoming one of the most promising directions in the modern approach to cancer treatment. CAR-T cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapies have shown great potential in enhancing the quality of life of patients, through the activation of the body’s immune system against cancerous cells. In addition to cancer, immunotherapy is being tested in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. However, these therapies entail certain risks especially with regard to the nervous system. There is increasing evidence that immunotherapies are associated with neurotoxic side effects such as neuroinflammation, encephalitis, cognitive decline and peripheral neuropathy which can greatly affect patient’s quality of life. This review focuses on the description of these immunotherapies’ mechanisms and clinical use as well as their impact on the CNS and PNS adverse effects. Measures that can help avoid these risks include precision medicine, better gene delivery vectors, and selective treatment approaches, which are very helpful in maximizing the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy. One of the critical issues of further development of these novel therapeutic interventions is the optimization of desired therapeutic outcomes and possible neurological adverse effects.
Effects of Long-term Regular Exercise Intervention on NAFLD-related Parameters: A Meta-analysis.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease across the globe, affecting a significant portion of the population. Long-term regular exercise therapy can improve the relevant clinical indicators of NAFLD patients, and is one of the effective means to treat the disease. This study conducted a meta-analysis of relevant literature published in PubMed up to September 2024 to assess the effects of exercise on various clinical markers in NAFLD patients. A total of nine articles were included, involving 254 patients, with intervention duration ranging from 8 to 26 weeks. Analysis results showed that long-term adherence to exercise significantly reduced ALT(MD=-5.98 , 95% CI [-7.99,-3.97]),AST(MD=-2.92, 95% CI [-5.30,-0.53]),LDL-C(MD=-5.38 , 95% CI [-7.70,-3.06]) levels and increased HDL-C(MD=3.78 , 95% CI [0.4,7.15]) levels in NAFLD patients. However, there was little effect on HbA1c(MD=-0.13 , 95% CI [-0.28,0.02]) levels in NAFLD patients. To sum up, consistent physical activity is a potent means of enhancing the well-being of individuals suffering from NAFLD.
The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, severe psychiatric disorder in which people have persistent and unwanted thoughts and rigid behaviors. The main treatments for OCD include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) but the results are not significant and very few people achieve complete remission. The cortico-striatothalamo- cortical (CSTC) circuit is widely considered to be the neuroanatomical substrate of OCD. Based on genetic research, this circuit is operation is significantly influenced by genes that regulate the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems as well as their interactions. However, the inability to pinpoint the precise pathophysiology behind this intricate and varied condition has impeded attempts to create novel treatments or improve those that already exist. This review focuses on the pathogenesis and contributing factors associated with research aimed at elucidating the pathophysiology of OCD and advancing therapeutic interventions. By studying the neurobiological basis of OCD, including neural circuits, neurotransmitter system and genetic factors, people can understand the pathogenesis of OCD deeply, and provide a scientific basis for formulating more effective therapeutic strategies.
The Effect of Smoke on Cardiovascular Health and Educational Measures.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for the development of this cancer. Vasomotor function is damaged due to harmful cigarette smoke including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and oxidants full of toxic substances. It may also promote inflammation, change lipid profiles, and hasten the progression of cardiovascular disease. The most important steps to be taken are enhancing family-based interventions, school education, and social support systems essential for preventing smoking initiation and cessation. This work is critical to address the global toll of smoking-related heart disease if we are ever going to achieve better population health outcomes. In reviewing the effects of smoking on cardiovascular diseases, this review reveals its disastrous consequences which could accelerate atherosclerosis, contribute to raised heart rate and blood pressure, and faulty clot formation predisposing patients to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or stroke. The review also detailed the health benefits of education to quit smoking, which should ultimately help stave off CVD.
Analysis of the Application of Bioinformatics-Based Neuroregulation Technology in Brain Science Research.
As a pivotal branch of interdisciplinary science, bioinformatics plays a critical role in neuroregulation technology—a cutting-edge field within brain science. This technology holds great promise for treating neurological disorders, enhancing cognitive functions, and managing mental health. This article reviews the applications of bioinformatics in neuroregulation, analyzes its significance and challenges, and discusses prospects for future advancements. The article traces the development and key types of neuroregulation technology, focusing on bioinformatics’ role in big data processing, biosignal analysis, brain network modeling, and personalized medical interventions. It also presents clinical and basic research case studies. Furthermore, it addresses current issues and challenges, such as data standardization, privacy concerns, and the complexity of system simulations, while proposing potential solutions. Finally, the article explores future challenges and directions as technology advances, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, innovation in research methodologies, and careful consideration of ethical and legal implications.
Research Progress and outlook of drugs for the treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
As the global population is aging at an increasingly rapid rate, AD has become an important disease affecting the health of the elderly in today’s world and has attracted the attention of many experts. AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline, manifested by deterioration of memory, learning and daily living skills. If the disease is not controlled, patients will develop dementia symptoms. Although AD cannot be completely cured at this time, a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments are currently available to alleviate symptoms. Pharmacological treatment may include cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and NMDA receptor antagonists. Non-pharmacological treatments include psychotherapy, cognitive training and life skills exercise. This paper now reviews the mechanisms, applications and side effects of the corresponding drugs that have been used to treat AD, and analyzes the emerging AD treatments, with a view to providing a reference for the research of new AD therapeutic drugs.
The Pharmaceutical Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 and Its Development Trends.
Originally derived from the immune system of bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has rapidly developed into a revolutionary gene editing tool that is widely used in molecular biology, drug development, and gene therapy. This technology not only provides a new treatment approach for genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but also brings breakthrough progress in cancer treatment by enhancing chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 has also shown great potential in the drug discovery stage, especially in gene screening, development of disease models, and drug resistance research. However, with the rapid development of CRISPR technology, the scientific community still needs to solve challenges such as potential off-target effects in gene editing, inefficient delivery systems, and long-term safety. In addition, the ethical issues of gene editing have also sparked widespread discussion, especially how to ensure fair access when treating genetic diseases. Despite many challenges, CRISPR-Cas9 technology still shows great application prospects in the future of drug development and gene therapy.
Application of Gene Expression Profiling Big Data in Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development.
As an important component of functional genomics, gene expression profiling plays an important role in many fields such as biology, medicine and drug development. Especially with the concept of precision medicine, integrating multi-omics data including gene expression profiles for personalized medicine is a future trend. From the background of anticancer drug development, the big data analysis method based on cellular perturbation expression profiling is introduced, and its application in anticancer covenant development is summarized. The findings suggest that continuous improvement of these methods will drive the discovery of novel biomarkers that can predict drug efficacy and toxicity, thereby accelerating the drug development process and improving patient prognosis. In the future, gene expression profiling is expected to be widely used in clinical practice, changing the landscape of cancer management and ushering in a new era of individualized cancer treatment that will achieve superior efficacy with fewer side effects than ever before.
The Effects of High Temperature and Cardiovascular Diseases.
Due to the rise of the temperature worldwide, people nowadays are facing a more frequent, long-lasting, and hotter heat waves than they did several decades ago. It attracts the attention of researchers to embrace the problem existed in high temperature and cardiovascular disease. High temperature worldwide may become a potential risk factor that trigger cardiovascular diseases. The rise of temperature not only means that the world is getting hotter, but also may triggered various dangerous side effects and negative impacts to the ecosystem. This review describes the relationship between high temperature and cardiovascular diseases. After the research, the result indicated that there is a positive relationship between high temperature and cardiovascular disease. Many studies shown that high temperature has a great possibility to cause myocardial injury and heart failure due to the innate human sweating mechanisms. It is always hard to avoid the exposure to the heat during hot summer. However, the duration exposed to the heat is also crucial that people should also pay attention to.
Effectiveness of Probiotics Supplementation in Improving Health Conditions of Athlete Groups.
The gut microbiota, comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses, plays a critical role in regulating various physiological functions in healthy adults. In athletes, strenuous physical exercise can lead to gut dysbiosis due to oxidative stress, immune suppression, and metabolic imbalance. This paper describes the effects of immunosuppression, oxidative stress and energy metabolism induced by high intensity exercise and training on the health of athlete populations. The gut microbiota is suggested to be associated with these responses. The role of probiotics in improving the gut microbiota is being recognised. Specific details of the improvement of overall health and maintenance of the stabilised gastrointestinal microbiota in athlete population through the influence of probiotic interventions on immune responses, oxidative stress and energy metabolism aspects are discussed in this paper. The positive effects of probiotic interventions in improving the health of athletic populations are suggested, but future research will be needed to determine the specific effects on sports performance.
The Utilization of Digital Tools for the Diagnostic Assessment and Therapeutic Management of Periodontalpathologies.
Digital technologies have a wide range of significance and far-reaching application potential in modern dentistry. They have become one of the key drivers of progress in dentistry. With the rapid development of computer technology, imaging technology and artificial intelligence, digital tools are completely reshaping the way dentistry is practiced. These tools not only improve the early diagnosis rate and diagnostic accuracy of various dental diseases, but also help dentists to tailor personalized treatment plans for different patients, which improves treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. This article reviews the status of various digital technologies in the diagnosis and medical treatment of periodontal diseases, focusing on the specific applications of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/ CAM), three-dimensional printing technology, and the artificial intelligence technology. Meanwhile, a reasonable prediction and outlook of the future development trend and application prospects of these digital tools are provided at the end of the article.
Olfaction and Emotion: A Neurobiological Perspective on Sensory-Emotional.
Olfaction is the oldest and most sensitive sensory system for most organisms to understand the environment, and it is closely related to emotions. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the field of mechanisms by which olfaction affects emotion, aiming to summarize and analyze the current state, trends and key issues of the mechanism of olfaction effects on emotion. Olfaction is the most likely sense to trigger emotional responses in the five senses. In-depth study of the relationship between smell and emotion can help us to better understand the mechanism of emotion regulation, and provide new intervention and treatment methods for the treatment of related diseases. This review includes several key aspects of olfactory senses and emotion, such as the physiological basis of smell, the neural mechanism of emotion and the interaction mechanism between smell and emotion, hoping to be of great help in studying the mechanism of olfactory influence on emotion and clinical intervention in the treatment of diseases.
The Impact of Exercises on Metabolic Diseases.
Exercise has many important positive effects on metabolic diseases. These effects include improving how the body uses insulin. Exercise also helps to regulate how fats are processed in the body. Another benefit of exercise is that it lowers levels of inflammation and reduces oxidative stress. Studies have shown that doing regular exercise can lower the risk of getting type 2 diabetes. It does this by enhancing how mitochondria work in skeletal muscles. It also helps muscles take in more glucose. In addition, exercise helps to lower the amount of fat in the liver. It can also improve the liver’s resistance to insulin. This is why exercise plays an important role in preventing and treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moreover, exercise reduces the risk of obesity and other diseases related to it. It does this by lowering visceral fat and promoting the burning of fatty acids in fat tissue. Exercise is also helpful for protecting how the pancreas works. It can delay the decline of beta cells’ function and improve how insulin is secreted. For all these reasons, exercise is a very effective way to prevent and treat metabolic diseases without the need for drugs.
Probiotics: Mechanism of Action, Attributes in the Human Body, Forms in Food and Safety Assessment.
Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits, have attracted significant attention. Recent advances have demonstrated their effectiveness in inhibiting intestinal pathogens, boosting immune responses, improving oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes, and promoting oral health. Probiotic applications have also expanded into various food forms, such as fermented foods, dairy food, meat food, and so on. Despite these advancements, gaps remain in understanding the safety and efficacy of probiotics. This article delved into the health benefits of probiotics in the human body, and their uses in food. It further evaluated the safety aspects, highlighting the need to address these concerns. This study was noteworthy as it examined methods to improve the efficacy of probiotics in medicine and food applications. With the growing demand for probiotics, it is crucial to ensure their stability and safety. This research provides important insights into improving the integration of probiotics in various products, paving the way for enhanced health benefits and advancements in product development. However, the study has limitations, including a lack of long-term probiotic-host microbiota interaction analysis and insufficient coverage of probiotic regulations. Future research should focus on long-term effects and safety protocols to maximize health benefits and ensure safety.
Current Progress and Prospects in Cancer Immunotherapies.
Cancer is still among the leading causes of death around the world and represents a formidable challenge for both researchers and clinicians. Despite the effectiveness in specific contexts of traditional modalities of treatment, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, they generally lack specificity and long-term efficacy. Currently, immunotherapy has dramatically reshaped the landscape of cancer treatment, providing new hope both for patients and health caregivers. It utilizes the body in the recognition and battle of cancer cells through the use of the immune system, hence offering better-targeted and durable responses. Assorted approaches include checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and cancer vaccines have shown promising development and together reflect a shift toward personalized medicine in oncology. This review outlines recent advances in cancer immunotherapies, including breakthroughs and ongoing research, and the challenges remaining for further improvements in patient outcomes and effective cancer treatment. The topic of mechanisms, successes, and future directions concerning these therapies will form the bedrock upon which our assertion stands: the full potential for immunotherapy to revolutionize the paradigm of care in cancer.
Advances in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors.
mwymwAbstract: Among many types of Oral Cancer, Oral Squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is one of the most significant malignant tumors in the world. When more research is done into the molecular pathogenesis behind tumor initiation and progression, there is an opportunity to discover targeted therapies that are more effective for treatment. Moreover, in the study of tumor microenvironment,the interaction among cancer cells and surrounding stroma or immune cells, is also still not well understood. Understanding the interactions between molecules in the tumor microenvironment has important implications for the study of new therapeutic targets. The symptoms, pathogenesis and risk factor of OSCC as well as the existing therapeutic methods were studied in this paper. Because there are no obvious symptoms in the early stages of OSCC, it is important to know it for the treatment of OSCC. Risk factor also discussed the main causes of OSCC, which also can be contributed to the subsequent research. In this paper, common and popular therapies are listed. nanotechnologybased drug delivery is one of the most novel and effective therapies available today. This method offers the possibility of delivering chemotherapy or targeted drugs directly to OSCC. This reduces systemic side effects and provides precision. This technology has shown amazing effects in the clinical scope and is gradually being used in treatment.