The Generative Logic and Internal Connection of Xunzi’s Thought on Rule by Rites and Rule by Music: Rooted in the Theory of Evil Human Nature

Abstract

Rule by rites and rule by music constitute essential components of Xunzi’s thought. Against the backdrop of collapsing rites and disordered social norms in the late Warring States period, their generative logic, functional orientation, and internal connection hold profound theoretical value and practical significance, necessitating systematic exploration. While existing scholarship has long focused on Xunzi’s rule by rites and music, few studies directly examine their generation and synergistic operation within the framework of evil human nature. This paper argues that both fundamentally stem from Xunzi’s theory of evil human nature. Through the complementary functions of music unites what is common, rites distinguish what is different, they collectively guide human conduct, maintain social order, and achieve great governance. Rooted in the theory of evil human nature, this paper analyzes why these two governance modes emerged and elucidates their intrinsic connection, specifically discussing their complementary relationship. This aims to deepen understanding of Xunzi’s theory of human nature and political philosophy, providing a new entry point for interpreting his thought on rule by rites and music.