Short-term PM2.5 and Ozone Spikes and Acute Cardiopulmonary Outcomes

Abstract

The results show that ozone is related to the all-cause mortality rate on the same day (lag 0). The most valuable indicator is the maximum value of 8 hours in the warm season. PM₂.₅ showed a short delay, which had an impact on the mortality rate and hospitalization at 0-3 points in time. The distribution lag nonlinear model (DLNM) improves these estimates. After mutual adjustment, both pollutants maintained statistical accuracy. High temperatures will amplify the risk, and vulnerable groups such as the elderly and people with low socioeconomic status will be more affected. China‘s research is consistent with the international lag and seasonal patterns. Although PM₂.₅ in winter is relatively high. The 2021 WHO guidelines provide useful protection benchmarks. Biological mechanism - PM₂.₅. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by ozone - consistent with the observed effect time. Graded alerts, targeted plans for highrisk populations, and hospital surge programs can reduce harm. Overall, this work provides public health and clinical teams with practical tools to manage cardiopulmonary risks associated with short-term contamination exposure.